estoppel
n . 禁止反言,禁止,防止
禁止反言,禁止,防止
estoppel n 1 :
a rule of evidence whereby a person is barred from denying the truth of a fact that has already been settled Estoppel \
Es *
top "
pel \,
n . [
From {
Estop }.] (
Law )
(
a )
A stop ;
an obstruction or bar to one '
s alleging or denying a fact contrary to his own previous action ,
allegation ,
or denial ;
an admission ,
by words or conduct ,
which induces another to purchase rights ,
against which the party making such admission can not take a position inconsistent with the admission .
(
b )
The agency by which the law excludes evidence to dispute certain admissions ,
which the policy of the law treats as indisputable . --
Wharton . --
Stephen . --
Burrill .
[
1913 Webster ]
ESTOPPEL ,
pleading .
An estoppel is a preclusion ,
in law ,
which prevents a man from alleging or denying a fact ,
in consequence o his own previous act ,
allegation or denial of a contrary tenor .
Steph .
Pl .
239 .
Lord Coke says ,
"
an estoppel is ,
when a man is concluded by his own act or acceptance ,
to say the truth ."
Co .
Litt .
352 ,
a .
And Blackstone defines "
an estoppel to be a special plea in bar ,
which happens where a man has done some act ,
or executed some deed ,
which estops or precludes him from averring any thing to the contrary .
3 Cora .
308 .
Estoppels are odious in law ;
1 Serg . &
R .
444 ;
they are not admitted in equity against the truth .
Id .
442 .
Nor can jurors be estopped from saying the truth ,
because they are sworn to do so ,
although they are estopped from finding against the admission of the parties in their pleadings .
2 Rep .
4 ;
Salk .
276 ;
B .
N .
P .
298 ;
2 Barn . &
Ald .
662 ;
Angel on Water Courses ,
228 -
9 .
See Co .
Litt .
352 ,
a ,
b ,
351 ,
a .
notes .
2 .
An estoppel may ,
arise either from matter of record ;
from the deed of the party ;
or from matter in Pays ;
that is ,
matter of fact .
3 .
Thus ,
any confession or admission made in pleading ,
in a court of record ,
whether it be express ,
or implied from pleading over without a traverse ,
will forever preclude the party from afterwards contesting the same fact in any subsequent suit with his adversary .
Com .
Dig .
Estoppel ,
A 1 .
This is an estoppel by matter of record .
4 .
As an instance of an estoppel by deed ,
may be mentioned the case of a bond reciting a certain fact .
The party executing that bond ,
will be precluded from afterwards denying in any action brought upon that instrument ,
the fact ,
so recited .
5 Barn . &
Ald .
682 .
5 .
An example of an estoppel by matter in pays occurs when one man has accepted rent of another .
He will be estopped from afterwards .
denying ,
in any action ,
with that person ,
that he was ,
at the time of such acceptance ,
his tenant .
Com .
Dig .
Estoppel ,
A 3 Co .
Litt .
352 ,
a .
6 .
This doctrine of law gives rise to a kind of pleading that is neither by way of traverse ,
nor confession .
and avoidance :
viz .
a pleading ,
that ,
waiving any question of fact ,
relies merely on the estoppel ,
and ,
after stating the previous act ,
allegation ,
or denial ,
of the opposite party ,
prays judgment ,
if he shall be received or admitted to aver contrary to what he before did or said .
This pleading is called pleading by way of estoppel .
Steph .
240a 7 .
Every estoppel ought to be reciprocal ,
that is ,
to bind both parties :
and this is the reason that regularly a stranger shall neither take advantage or be bound by an estoppel .
It should be directly affirmative ,
and not by inference nor against an estoppel .
Co .
Lit .
352 ,
a ,
b ;
1 R .
442 -
3 ;
9 Serg . &
R .
371 ,
430 ;
4 Yeates '
38 1 Serg . &
R .
444 ;
Corn .
Dig .
Estoppel ,
C 3 Johns .
Cas .
101 ;
2 Johns .
R .
382 ;
8 W . &
S .
135 ;
2 Murph .
67 ;
4 Mont .
370 .
Privies in blood ,
privies in estate ,
and privies in law ,
are bound by ,
and may take advantage of estoppels .
Co .
Litt .
352 ;
2 Serg . &
Rawle ,
509 ;
6 Day ,
R .
88 .
See the following cases relating to estoppels by ;
Matter of record :
4 Mass .
R .
625 ;
10 Mass .
R .
155 ;
Munf .
R .
466 ;
3 East ,
R .
354 ;
2 Barn . &
Ald .
362 ,
971 ;
17 Mass .
R .
365 ;
Gilm .
R .
235 ;
5 Esp .
R .
58 ;
1 Show .
47 ;
3 East ,
R .
346 .
Matter of writing :
12 Johns .
R .
347 ;
5 Mass .
R .
395 ;
Id .
286 ;
6 Mass .
R .
421 ;
3 John .
Cas .
174 ;
5 John .
R .
489 ;
2 Caines '
R .
320 ;
3 Johns .
R .
331 ;
14 Johns .
R .
193 ;
Id .
224 ;
17 Johns .
R .
161 ;
Willes ,
R .
9 ,
25 ;
6 Binn .
R .
59 ;
1 Call ,
R .
429 ;
6 Munf .
R .
120 ;
1 Esp .
R .
89 ;
Id .
159 ;
Id .
217 ;
1 Mass .
R .
219 .
Matter in pays :
4 Mass .
R .
181 ;
Id .
273 15 Mass .
R .
18 ;
2 Bl .
R .
1259 ;
1 T .
R .
760 ,
n .;
3 T .
R .
14 ;
6 T .
R .
62 ;
4 Munf .
124 ;
6 Esp .
R .
20 ;
2 Ves .
236 ;
2 Camp .
R .
844 ;
1 Stark .
R .
192 .
And see ,
in general ,
10 Vin .
Abr .
420 ,
tit .
Estoppel ;
Bac .
Abr .
Pleas ,
111 ;
Com .
Dig .
Estoppel ;
Id .
Pleader ,
S 5 ;
Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
218 ;
Doct .
Pl .
255 ;
Stark .
Ev .
pt .
2 ,
p .
206 ,
302 ;
pt .
4 ,
p .
30 ;
2 Smith '
s Lead .
Cas .
417 -
460 .
Vide Term .
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