Assyria 音标拼音: [əs'ɪriə]
n . 亚述
亚述
Assyria n 1 :
an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia which is in present -
day Iraq Assyria the name derived from the city Asshur on the Tigris ,
the original capital of the country ,
was originally a colony from Babylonia ,
and was ruled by viceroys from that kingdom .
It was a mountainous region lying to the north of Babylonia ,
extending along the Tigris as far as to the high mountain range of Armenia ,
the Gordiaean or Carduchian mountains .
It was founded in B .
C .
1700 under Bel -
kap -
kapu ,
and became an independent and a conquering power ,
and shook off the yoke of its Babylonian masters .
It subdued the whole of Northern Asia .
The Assyrians were Semites (
Gen .
10 :
22 ),
but in process of time non -
Semite tribes mingled with the inhabitants .
They were a military people ,
the "
Romans of the East ."
Of the early history of the kingdom of Assyria little is positively known .
In B .
C .
1120 Tiglath -
pileser I .,
the greatest of the Assyrian kings , "
crossed the Euphrates ,
defeated the kings of the Hittites ,
captured the city of Carchemish ,
and advanced as far as the shores of the Mediterranean ."
He may be regarded as the founder of the first Assyrian empire .
After this the Assyrians gradually extended their power ,
subjugating the states of Northern Syria .
In the reign of Ahab ,
king of Israel ,
Shalmaneser II .
marched an army against the Syrian states ,
whose allied army he encountered and vanquished at Karkar .
This led to Ahab '
s casting off the yoke of Damascus and allying himself with Judah .
Some years after this the Assyrian king marched an army against Hazael ,
king of Damascus .
He besieged and took that city .
He also brought under tribute Jehu ,
and the cities of Tyre and Sidon .
About a hundred years after this (
B .
C .
745 )
the crown was seized by a military adventurer called Pul ,
who assumed the name of Tiglath -
pileser III .
He directed his armies into Syria ,
which had by this time regained its independence ,
and took (
B .
C .
740 )
Arpad ,
near Aleppo ,
after a siege of three years ,
and reduced Hamath .
Azariah (
Uzziah )
was an ally of the king of Hamath ,
and thus was compelled by Tiglath -
pileser to do him homage and pay a yearly tribute .
In B .
C .
738 ,
in the reign of Menahem ,
king of Israel ,
Pul invaded Israel ,
and imposed on it a heavy tribute (
2 Kings 15 :
19 ).
Ahaz ,
the king of Judah ,
when engaged in a war against Israel and Syria ,
appealed for help to this Assyrian king by means of a present of gold and silver (
2 Kings 16 :
8 );
who accordingly "
marched against Damascus ,
defeated and put Rezin to death ,
and besieged the city itself ."
Leaving a portion of his army to continue the siege , "
he advanced through the province east of Jordan ,
spreading fire and sword ,"
and became master of Philistia ,
and took Samaria and Damascus .
He died B .
C .
727 ,
and was succeeded by Shalmanezer IV .,
who ruled till B .
C .
722 .
He also invaded Syria (
2 Kings 17 :
5 ),
but was deposed in favour of Sargon (
q .
v .)
the Tartan ,
or commander -
in -
chief of the army ,
who took Samaria (
q .
v .)
after a siege of three years ,
and so put an end to the kingdom of Israel ,
carrying the people away into captivity ,
B .
C .
722 (
2 Kings 17 :
1 -
6 ,
24 ;
18 :
7 ,
9 ).
He also overran the land of Judah ,
and took the city of Jerusalem (
Isa .
10 :
6 ,
12 ,
22 ,
24 ,
34 ).
Mention is next made of Sennacherib (
B .
C .
705 ),
the son and successor of Sargon (
2 Kings 18 :
13 ;
19 :
37 ;
Isa .
7 :
17 ,
18 );
and then of Esar -
haddon ,
his son and successor ,
who took Manasseh ,
king of Judah ,
captive ,
and kept him for some time a prisoner at Babylon ,
which he alone of all the Assyrian kings made the seat of his government (
2 Kings 19 :
37 ;
Isa .
37 :
38 ).
Assur -
bani -
pal ,
the son of Esarhaddon ,
became king ,
and in Ezra 4 :
10 is referred to as Asnapper .
From an early period Assyria had entered on a conquering career ,
and having absorbed Babylon ,
the kingdoms of Hamath ,
Damascus ,
and Samaria ,
it conquered Phoenicia ,
and made Judea feudatory ,
and subjected Philistia and Idumea .
At length ,
however ,
its power declined .
In B .
C .
727 the Babylonians threw off the rule of the Assyrians ,
under the leadership of the powerful Chaldean prince Merodach -
baladan (
2 Kings 20 :
12 ),
who ,
after twelve years ,
was subdued by Sargon ,
who now reunited the kingdom ,
and ruled over a vast empire .
But on his death the smouldering flames of rebellion again burst forth ,
and the Babylonians and Medes successfully asserted their independence (
B .
C .
625 ),
and Assyria fell according to the prophecies of Isaiah (
10 :
5 -
19 ),
Nahum (
3 :
19 ),
and Zephaniah (
3 :
13 ),
and the many separate kingdoms of which it was composed ceased to recognize the "
great king " (
2 Kings 18 :
19 ;
Isa .
36 :
4 ).
Ezekiel (
31 )
attests (
about B .
C .
586 )
how completely Assyria was overthrown .
It ceases to be a nation .
(
See {
NINEVEH }; {
BABYLON }.)
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